As temperatures rise this summer, Japanese men are baring more leg at work than ever before. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government is pushing company employees to ditch their usual suit and tie for more casual attire, including t-shirts, trainers and shorts.
Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike introduced "Tokyo Cool Biz" in April, hoping to expand her signature cool down initiative, which has become a widely recognised annual summer tradition. Almost four months on, the newly allowed shorts-in-the-office policy is getting mixed reviews.
Some commentators welcome the relaxed rules because they help people work more comfortably. Others say the policy is unfair to women, who are still expected to wear tights when showing part of their legs. A few women describe the experience as "leg hair harassment" or, in the online term "sunehara", referring to the discomfort of being forced to see a colleague's leg hair.
Tokyo Metropolitan Government environmental official Noboru Watanabe said the aim is to widen clothing options during extreme heat rather than impose a dress code.
"We want to give people more options in the severe heat, not tell them what to wear. There should be no issue as long as the work attire is not offensive to anyone,"he told the BBC.
A June survey by Gorilla Clinic found that 53.5% of respondents opposed wearing shorts to work in the summer, while 46.5% supported the new recommendation. Among those against shorts in the office, the main reason for both genders was concern over body shape and body hair.
The clinic said women significantly outnumbered men in their responses, suggesting women may be more resistant to seeing a male colleague's bare legs. In recent years, more Japanese workers, especially at startups and tech companies, have started wearing casual clothes, but this year the Tokyo government recommendation has made it more socially acceptable.
Still, some men have been feeling self-conscious about their leg hair. Akifumi Funatsu, the director of Gorilla Clinic, said he has noticed more clients coming to the clinic not just for cosmetic reasons, but as a matter of "social etiquette when wearing shorts". He thinks women believe that
"men should have less leg hair", which has prompted them to seek laser hair removal so as not to offend those around them.
Governor Koike first introduced the summer wardrobe shift as Japan's environment minister in 2005. She launched a national energy-saving campaign called "Cool Biz" to encourage company workers to opt for short-sleeve shirts.
Government leaders took part in the initiative, with then Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi often seen in public without a tie or jacket, helping spread the message. A few years later, following the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in March 2011, the government launched "Super Cool Biz" to expand the guidelines and help reduce energy use at work and at home.
As with other parts of the world, Japan has been experiencing record heat in recent months while grappling with soaring energy prices driven by instability in the Middle East. Forecasters have warned of extreme heat this summer, and the Japan Meteorological Agency is trying to raise public awareness by announcing the word "kokusho-bi", which means "brutally hot day" when the mercury exceeds 40C.
The latest weekly data shows seven people died in Japan from heatstroke and 4,580 people were admitted to hospitals in the seven days from 6-12 July, according to the Fire and Disaster Management Agency.
Besides staying hydrated and turning on the air conditioning, some of the most basic actions repeatedly encouraged by government officials, residents have turned to new products and gadgets to beat the heat. Items such as clothes with built-in fans, disposable wet-towels, UV and heat blocking umbrellas, and portable handheld fans have been popular and sold in shops nationwide.
Experts from the Japan Academic Network for Disaster Reduction are stressing the need for heat acclimatisation because it takes several weeks for the body to adapt to high temperatures. They say the key is to start preparing for hot weather and taking measures to prevent heatstroke during the country's rainy season, before the full summer heat arrives. Japan also faces high humidity, which makes it harder for sweat to evaporate and reduces the body's ability to cool itself.
