Hay fever sufferers face longer symptom duration due to climate change
Individuals affected by hay fever now endure symptoms for up to two weeks longer than in the 1990s, according to a comprehensive review conducted by 65 scientists worldwide. The report highlights that climate change has "prolonged the pollen season," exacerbating challenges for those allergic to pollen.
The fine powder released by certain grasses, trees, and plants can significantly disrupt the lives of allergy sufferers.
What implications does this have for millions living with hay fever, and what strategies can help alleviate symptoms?
What are the main symptoms of hay fever?
Common signs of hay fever include itchy eyes, sneezing, runny noses, scratchy throats, disturbed sleep, and headaches. Approximately one in five people are allergic to pollen, with grass being the primary trigger, although tree pollen also contributes to symptoms.
Early summer typically marks the peak pollen season, when airborne pollen grains multiply substantially. The warm weather experienced in the UK over the past two years has created ideal conditions for birch tree pollen, a significant hay fever trigger.
Warm, dry days facilitate the dispersal of pollen through the air, sometimes resulting in what is described as a "pollen bomb."
Urban areas often have lower pollen counts compared to rural regions; however, pollution in some cities can intensify hay fever symptoms.
What impact could climate change have?
The recent report, published in the journal Lancet Public Health, indicates that climate change is extending the flowering period of certain plants. The study examined three trees common in Europe—birch, alder, and olive—and found that pollination began one to two weeks earlier between 2015 and 2024 compared to the period from 1991 to 2000.
"We are seeing a prolonged season – an earlier onset of pollination in both the north and south [of Europe]," said Professor Joacim Rocklov from the University of Heidelberg, one of the study's authors.
Speaking on BBC Radio 4's Today Programme, Professor Rocklov emphasized the need for further research to determine whether climate change is also increasing the volume of pollen in the atmosphere and intensifying hay fever symptoms.
An extended pollen season could affect millions across the UK.
"While for some their symptoms can be mild, for many their hay fever symptoms impacts their quality of life," said Anne Biggs, deputy head of clinical services at Allergy UK.
"It can mean missed days at work, poor sleep and, for some teenagers and young people, active hay fever symptoms can mean they drop an academic grade in their exams."
Pollen exposure can also trigger asthma attacks and allergic reactions in individuals with other respiratory conditions.
"If people are allergic to pollen, it can inflame their airways and cause terrifying breathing conditions, which can lead to life-threatening asthma attacks and COPD flare-ups," said Dr Samantha Walker, director of research and innovation at Asthma and Lung UK.
What are the best hay fever treatments?
Although there is no cure for hay fever, various medications can alleviate symptoms and improve comfort.
Allergy specialist Professor Stephen Till from Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals in London recommends a "cocktail approach," which involves taking multiple types of medication:
"They all work in different ways and are all very safe for most people - just go to a pharmacy for advice," Professor Till advised.
These treatments are available over the counter at local pharmacies.
What else can I do to reduce hay fever symptoms?
Avoiding exposure to hay fever triggers is also crucial, according to pharmacist Ashley Cohen from Leeds.
"I always say it's about good hygiene - pollen sits on your face and arms when you go outside, so have a shower and change your clothes when you come in," he explained.
He also warned that pets can be "brilliant vehicles" for bringing pollen indoors.
What if my hay fever gets really bad?
"Ninety percent of people with hay fever can be managed with over-the-counter medication," said Ashley Cohen.
If symptoms become severe and debilitating, a general practitioner can refer patients to a specialist, although waiting times may be lengthy.
Allergy expert Professor Adam Fox noted that specialist allergy services and knowledge among GPs about allergies "is not as good as it could be."
"For a significant minority, it has a genuine impact on quality of life - on productivity at work and performance at school."
For those most severely affected, immunotherapy may be an option. This treatment involves administering tiny amounts of pollen over time to help the body build tolerance and reduce overreaction.
